Optimal Control Using Causal Agents

Translational Synergies in Causal Inference and Reinforcement Learning

MaryLena Bleile, Ph.D.

Bridge fields without apology.

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About This Book

Optimal Control Using Causal Agents is a translation manual between Causal Inference and Reinforcement Learning, written for researchers and practitioners already familiar with either Causal Inference or Reinforcement Learning. Each theoretical connection is grounded in concrete applications ranging from clinical decision-making and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu strategy to GARCH financial modeling. The book uses R and Python for implementation.

Optimal Control Using Causal Agents is a rosetta stone, not a comprehensive textbook (see the Causal AI book developed by Bareinboim, et. al. for that). In short, Optimal Control Using Causal Agents builds bridges between existing concepts instead of constructing concepts from the ground up. The goal is for causal inference practitioners to gain instant access to reinforcement learning's computational tools by seeing how these tools share ideas with their causal methods, and vice versa. The result is a practical guide for navigating 70 years of parallel mathematical development that has been artificially separated by academic boundaries. Perhaps the most important contribution is a comprehensive translation table which creates a map between notational conventions in both fields.

Publisher: CRC Press

Expected Publication: Spring 2026

Series: Chapman & Hall/CRC Press

Editor: Lara Spieker

Table of Contents

Preface [pdf]

Part I: The Divide

  1. Introduction [pdf]
  2. Programming [Code] [pdf]

Part II: Foundations: Causal Inference

  1. Causal Inference With Randomization [Code][pdf]
  2. Causal Inference Without Randomization [Code][pdf]

Part III: Foundation and Empire: Bridges From Reinforcement Learning to Causal Inference

  1. Tabular Reinforcement Learning [Code][pdf]
  2. Reinforcement Learning Models [Code]

Part IV: Second Foundation: Synthesis

  1. Beyond Markovian Dynamics
  2. Beyond Ignorable Missing Data

Resources

Below are some resources and other relevant work readers may wish to explore. This is not by any means an exhaustive list, but may serve as a starting point for those interested in the topic.

Author Talks

For Practitioners

If you're looking to apply causal inference methods in practice, particularly in healthcare and real-world evidence settings, these resources are excellent starting points:

  • TAO RWD Causal Roadmap Tool: An interactive tool developed by Andrew Wilson, Aimee Harrison and colleagues that guides practitioners through the Causal Roadmap framework for real-world data studies, including target trial emulation and causal inference methodology selection. I have had the pleasure to contribute some ideas to this, and continue to be engaged in discussions for its development.
  • Justin Bélair : A biostatistician and educator offering training in causal inference and biostatistics. His forthcoming book Causal Inference in Statistics (with exercises, practice projects, and R/Python code notebooks) takes a theory-in-practice approach that bridges the Rubin and Pearl frameworks. He also hosts a podcast on statistics and causal inference topics, and teaches a biostatistics course oriented towards industry professionals.
  • Aleksander Molak / CausalPython.io : Author of the best-selling Causal Inference and Discovery in Python (Packt, 2023) and host of the Causal Bandits Podcast, which features interviews with leading researchers including Judea Pearl, Bernhard Schölkopf, and Amit Sharma. Molak also publishes a popular weekly newsletter on causality at CausalPython.io.

For Those With More Mathematical Background

For readers seeking comprehensive theoretical treatments of causal AI and complex systems:

  • Causal Artificial Intelligence by Elias Bareinboim : A comprehensive textbook covering the principles, algorithms, and tools for building causally intelligent systems. It bridges probability theory, causal inference, machine learning, and decision-making under uncertainty, providing a unified roadmap for the field. Topics include causal reinforcement learning, fairness analysis, transportability, and causal generative modeling. Free draft available online.
  • Complexity Measurements and Causation for Dynamic Complex Systems by Juan Guillermo Diaz Ochoa (Springer, 2025) : Examines problems of causal determinism in systems theory and analyzes complexity measures in relation to systems' autonomy and variability for causal inference. Relevant for those interested in the philosophical foundations of causality in complex systems, particularly biological systems and teleonomy.

Tour Dates

May
2026
7th Ace Drug Discovery Summit
San Diego, CA
Invited Talk
2026
BioTechX 2026
Boston, MA
Invited Talk
2026
NxtAI 2026
Boston, MA
Invited Talk
2026
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, UT
Invited Guest Seminar
Aug
2026
JSM 2026: Causality and Complex Dynamic Systems
Bridging Statistical Inference and Control Theory
Special Topic Panel